What Risk Premium Is “Normal”?

What Risk Premium Is “Normal”?

The goal of this article is an estimate of the objective forward-looking U.S. equity risk premium relative to bonds through history—specifically, since 1802. For correct evaluation, such a complex topic requires several careful steps: To gauge the risk premium for stocks relative to bonds, we need an expected real stock return and an expected real bond return. To gauge the expected real bond re...

P-value: What is and what is not

The misinterpretation and misuse of p-value have been increasing for decades. In March 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement to warn about the use and interpretation of p-value. In this study, we provided a definition and discussion of p-value and emphasized the importance of its accurate interpretation.    

The Size Premium: What Role Does Macroeconomic Risk Play?

What Is Applied Literature?

Applied literature is a term that is the outcome of a need to put literature to tangible uses in the “real” world. A medical practitioner looking for a definition of life, for instance, finds literature a useful source for the answer. With paradigm shifts in scientific studies, interdisciplinarity has been a method to overcome the alienations that resulted from the isolation of disciplines from...

Kidney size--what is normal?

Renal size is an important parameter in the assessment of a child with renal disease. The kidney continues to grow in size after birth and reaches the near adult size of 10 cm by 12 years of age [1]. Decrease or increase in kidney size is an important sign of renal disease. Thus while evaluating a child presenting for the first time with a sudden deterioration of renal functions; it is the kidn...